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CSIR-NET/JRF All Life Science Reference Books Free

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<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script>      (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({           google_ad_client: "ca-pub-3795814028859934",           enable_page_level_ads: true      }); </script>       CSIR-NET/JRF All  Life Science Reference Books Free                                                                                                                  By Aarif Khan Watson Molecular Biology of the Gene 7th Edition c2014 txtbk https://drive.google.com/open?id=1WMpgQ7DJ0CRpVhhy1BkYWyh1N...
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SYNTHESIS OF STARCH AND SUCROSE CSIR TOPIC PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

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SYNTHESIS OF STARCH AND SUCROSE In most species, sucrose is the principal form of carbohydrate translocated throughout the plant by the phloem. Starch is an insoluble stable carbohydrate reserve that is present in almost all plants. Both starch and sucrose are synthesized from the triose phosphate that is generated by the Calvin cycle. The pathways for the synthesis of starch and sucrose are shown in below figure. Starch Is Synthesized in the Chloroplast The prominent starch deposits, as well as enzyme localization studies about the chloroplast , leave no doubt that the chloroplast is the site of starch synthesis in leaves. Starch is synthesized from triose phosphate via fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The glucose-1-phosphate intermediate is converted to ADP-glucose via ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in a reaction that requires ATP and generates pyrophosphate (PPi, or H 2 P 2 O 7 2– ). As in many biosynthetic reactions, the pyrophosphate is hydrolyzed via a specific inorganic pyrop...
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ATP-Driven Proton Pumps

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ATP-Driven Proton Pumps F-Type ATPases The F-type ATPase active transporters play a central role in energy-conserving reactions in mitochondria, bacteria, and chloroplasts; .The F-type ATPases catalyze the uphill transmembrane passage of protons driven by ATP hydrolysis (“F-type” originated in the identification of these ATPases as energy-coupling f actors). The Fo integral membrane protein complex (subscript o denoting its inhibition by the drug oligomycin) provides a transmembrane pore for protons, and the peripheral protein F1 (subscript 1 indicating that it was the first of several factors isolated from mitochondria) is a molecular machine that uses the energy of ATP to drive protons uphill (into a region of higher H_ concentration).              F-Type ATPases The FoF1 organization of proton pumping transporters must have developed very early in evolution. Eubacteria such as E. coli use an FoF1 ATPase complex in their plasma memb...
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