What is Ecology topic with full details
What is ecology ?
The Study of reciprocal interaction between Abiotic and Biotic component of nature is called Ecology.
The Study of reciprocal interaction between Abiotic and Biotic component of nature is called Ecology.
First used Oikalogie = Earnst Haeckal
Meaning Oikas = Hime/Space Logous = Study.
According to E P Odum Ecology is the study of ecosystem.
Ecology is two types
Autoecology and Synecology.
Autoecology= The study of reciprocal interaction of a single species with its interaction.
Synecology= It deals with interaction of all species of an area.
In homeorhesis there is no exact balance steady state maintain system changing within a limit. Because there is no set feedback control . So maintain pulsing stress.
Ecosystem stability refer to ability of system to maintain its structure and functional during disturbance.
Stability is two types
Resistance and resilence
Resistance is the ability of system to prevent change in structure and function during natural disturbance for example fire drought flood etc example California redwood forest has high resistance against fire.
Resilience it is the ability of system to recover after disturbance for example California chapprol bionic quickly recover after fire.
Resistance and Resilience stabilities are exclusive.
Autoecology= It deals adaptation and genetic variations in the individual of same species.
Organism of any given species adapt differently in different environmental condition by producing different morphological and physiological form.
Ecological amplitude= It is range of demands and range of tolerance for environmental factor by the organism.
Ecads/Ecophenes= They are different morphological form of same species produced due to different habitat condition, so in these form changes are somatic temporally and non heritable and reversible.
Ecotype/Physiologcal races= They are genetically modified form of same species so changes are stable genetic and inheritable an irreversible.
Synecology= Deal with interaction and adaptations of different species of the area.
Resources Partitioning=
Tanzania- Grassland.
Zebra,Wild beast ,Thompson, Gazelle, Topic, these all are mega herbivores algebra is biggest herbivores an on average about 200 kg and Gazelle is about 8-10 kg Smallest.
B M R is inversely proportional to size of animal.
Many different species of same tropic level are present in same geographical area and during evolutionary course they try to separate out their resources. This when individuals of different species focusing upon different resource itm phenomena is called as resource partitioning which ensure coexistence.
E.g the mega herbivore of Tanzania grassland ecosystem feeding upon different food item. Thomson Gazelle is being smallest in size survive upon highest quality diet for example seed and fruits where as zebra being largest feed on lowest quality diet for example grass.
E.g2 . pathogens have excellent resource partitioning because closely relative pathogen do not infect same host species.
It can occur by
(1) Ecological Compression= It is short terms non- evolutionary response of species. In which during increase number of competitor species is is this is focus up on narrow range of resource in limited habitat.
During compression eating habit of a species does not change rather range of resource get reduced and when superior competitive are remove each sp. Increase it resources range phenomenon is competitive released.
(2) Character Displacement by Brown and Wilson .
Ecotype/Physiologcal races= They are genetically modified form of same species so changes are stable genetic and inheritable an irreversible.
Synecology= Deal with interaction and adaptations of different species of the area.
Resources Partitioning=
Tanzania- Grassland.
Zebra,Wild beast ,Thompson, Gazelle, Topic, these all are mega herbivores algebra is biggest herbivores an on average about 200 kg and Gazelle is about 8-10 kg Smallest.
B M R is inversely proportional to size of animal.
Many different species of same tropic level are present in same geographical area and during evolutionary course they try to separate out their resources. This when individuals of different species focusing upon different resource itm phenomena is called as resource partitioning which ensure coexistence.
E.g the mega herbivore of Tanzania grassland ecosystem feeding upon different food item. Thomson Gazelle is being smallest in size survive upon highest quality diet for example seed and fruits where as zebra being largest feed on lowest quality diet for example grass.
E.g2 . pathogens have excellent resource partitioning because closely relative pathogen do not infect same host species.
It can occur by
(1) Ecological Compression= It is short terms non- evolutionary response of species. In which during increase number of competitor species is is this is focus up on narrow range of resource in limited habitat.
During compression eating habit of a species does not change rather range of resource get reduced and when superior competitive are remove each sp. Increase it resources range phenomenon is competitive released.
(2) Character Displacement by Brown and Wilson .
The ecological separation which intense fitness of population is character displacement which is long terms evolutionary process and involved morphological separation.
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When two populations present in sympatry (same area) and have similar need then the natural selection is against those individuals which more overlapping.
Because they have competition pressure. And in both population highest fitness received by those which have extreme divergent trait so both population will adaptive radiate through divergent evolution. As you can see in the diagram.
Ecological Niche Given by Grinnell.
According to Odum habitat is an address of an organism , where as niche is profession that is represent the way by producing which organic get fitted in the environmental gradient so nice include.
Interaction of organism with all biotic and abiotic factor of that area. Thus niche is not only physical state occupied by organism, but also its position in ecosystem function.
No two individuals/ sp. in a stable environment can occupy same ecological niche.
Grinnell suggest habitat niche which represent specific habitat within general habitat example different class of algae present at different depth of pond ecosystem.
Charles Elton suggested tropic niche that is the traffic position of organism for example Darwin finches on Galapagos Island have different tropic position ( seed eater and insects eater ).
N-Dimentional Niche / Hypervolume niche by G.E.Hutchinson.
Hutchinson's considered every resource of organised as a resource axis and suggested nick of organic is an abstract N-dimensional inhabited hypervolume that is the position of organised in environmental gradient.
The hypervolume niche represent resource range of organised so if hypervolume needs of two species overlapping both are competitive and degree of overlapping represent intensity of competition.
Fundamental niche is maximum resource axis occupied by organism in absence of biotic constraint that is the resource space occupied by organism in absence of competitor pathogen and predator.
You are reading Crest Science Academy blog.
When two populations present in sympatry (same area) and have similar need then the natural selection is against those individuals which more overlapping.
Because they have competition pressure. And in both population highest fitness received by those which have extreme divergent trait so both population will adaptive radiate through divergent evolution. As you can see in the diagram.
Ecological Niche Given by Grinnell.
According to Odum habitat is an address of an organism , where as niche is profession that is represent the way by producing which organic get fitted in the environmental gradient so nice include.
Interaction of organism with all biotic and abiotic factor of that area. Thus niche is not only physical state occupied by organism, but also its position in ecosystem function.
No two individuals/ sp. in a stable environment can occupy same ecological niche.
Grinnell suggest habitat niche which represent specific habitat within general habitat example different class of algae present at different depth of pond ecosystem.
Charles Elton suggested tropic niche that is the traffic position of organism for example Darwin finches on Galapagos Island have different tropic position ( seed eater and insects eater ).
N-Dimentional Niche / Hypervolume niche by G.E.Hutchinson.
Hutchinson's considered every resource of organised as a resource axis and suggested nick of organic is an abstract N-dimensional inhabited hypervolume that is the position of organised in environmental gradient.
The hypervolume niche represent resource range of organised so if hypervolume needs of two species overlapping both are competitive and degree of overlapping represent intensity of competition.
Fundamental niche is maximum resource axis occupied by organism in absence of biotic constraint that is the resource space occupied by organism in absence of competitor pathogen and predator.
Under natural condition organised occupies smaller space within fundamental nice which reliesed niche of organism.
So reliesed nick represent the resource axis occupied by organism in presence of biotic constraint that is predator pathogen and competitors.
Nice width represent range and proportion of resource used by organised a species so if niche width of two species overlapping their resources are common and hands if two species have completely overlapping niche with in stable environment both species cannot survive that is weaker partner will be eliminated by stronger.
According to limiting similarities theory (Mac Arthur) in the presence of inter specific competition between two Predator species the Predator species can coexist only is the difference of mean prey masses used by each species must be as great as standard deviation of the prey bio masses.
Niche width measurements:-
Levine Formula
BJ= niche width of sp. J
Pj= Proportion of resources used by sp. J
What is Guild ?
The species present in same community having similar ecological role are ecological guild. for example all the Predator of an ecosystem the species present in different geographical area having similar ecological role are ecological equivalent for example Australian kangaroo of North American, antelopes and Bisons.
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So reliesed nick represent the resource axis occupied by organism in presence of biotic constraint that is predator pathogen and competitors.
Nice width represent range and proportion of resource used by organised a species so if niche width of two species overlapping their resources are common and hands if two species have completely overlapping niche with in stable environment both species cannot survive that is weaker partner will be eliminated by stronger.
According to limiting similarities theory (Mac Arthur) in the presence of inter specific competition between two Predator species the Predator species can coexist only is the difference of mean prey masses used by each species must be as great as standard deviation of the prey bio masses.
Niche width measurements:-
Levine Formula
BJ= niche width of sp. J
Pj= Proportion of resources used by sp. J
What is Guild ?
The species present in same community having similar ecological role are ecological guild. for example all the Predator of an ecosystem the species present in different geographical area having similar ecological role are ecological equivalent for example Australian kangaroo of North American, antelopes and Bisons.
Please Share because Sharing is Caring
Thank you.
Aarif Khan
9050321626
For more detail please visit our You tube channel .
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